File Formats and Complex Formats (Raster and Vector)

You may find data in a wide variety of formats. The challenge is to know which file formats you can convert into a standard format and how to find the software to do the conversion.

Vector File Formats

Most vector data is in Shapefiles. You may find vector data in other formats but it is best to convert them to shapefiles for use in ArcGIS. Other formats include:

• GeoJSON Files: This format as been gaining populatiry as it can be used in browsers and is text-based. QGIS can convert GeoJSON files to shapefiles.
• E00: Compressed: Coverage File. ArcGIS Pro should still be able to convert these to shapefiles.
• Spatial Data Transfer Standard (SDTS): Again, ArcGIS Pro should be able to convert these.
• DXF: AutoCAD: These are harder to convert as CAD working on drawings with layers that are based on categories that are typically different from GIS.

Point Formats

Point data is simpler than polyline and polygon data and can be provided in a simple "table" format.

• CSV: Comma separated
• TXT: Typically tab-delimited but can be commas, pipes ("|"), or other characters

ArcGIS Pro convert these files to shapefiles using the "X Y Point Data" option in the "Add Data" drop down.

Raster File Formats

There are a huge number of raster files formats. To use a raster, we need the following information:

• Raster data
• Number of rows and columns of pixels
• Coordinates to "georeference" the raster at the corners
• Spatial Reference

We recommend using the IMG file format with ArcGIS and TIFF for other GIS applications. Use ArcGIS Pro, QGIS, or BlueSpray to convert these files.

Note that I am seeing an increasing number of issues with the number of bands in rasters and issues with masks.

See the "Quick Reference" on Jim's site under "resources" for additional information on raster file formats. Other formats can be used to publish maps in reports and web pages.

Georeferencing

There are two methods for georeferencing a raster to the earth:

• Two corners
• One corner, width and height in pixels

In the first case, the location of the raster is specified (georeferenced) simply by providing the coordinates of two corners of the raster, typically the upper-left (north-west) and the lower-right (south-east). The location of the other corners can be computed by simply combining values form the other corners.

In the second case shown below, one corner has been specified. The location of the other corners are computed using the width and height of the raster in pixels and the width and height of each pixel in "map units". For a LandSat scene the width and height might be 1000 pixels and the width of each pixel would be about 30 meters. This would put the lower-right corner, 30,000 meters to the west and south of the upper-left corner of the raster.

In both cases, the width and the height of the pixels has to be specified.

Complex Formats: Raster and Vector

Raster and Vector data can be obtained in a variety of "complex" formats, such as:

• Personal Geodatabase
  • Not recommended
• File Geodatabase
  • Commercial, has compatibility problems, and needs to be zipped if used for distribution
  • Good option for complex datasets such as all the GIS layers for a town as long as everyone has ArcGIS
• Keyhole markup language (KML)
  • The main format for data for GoogleEarth
  • Only used for visualizing data, not for distribution (does not include a SRS)
• KMZ
  • A zipped KML

These formats are not recommended for distributing data. Some organizations use File Geodatabase internally which is OK if everyone has access to ArcGIS.

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