Spatial References and ArcGIS

Incorrect and Undefined Spatial References in ArcGIS

Having missing or incorrect spatial references can cause major problems for analysis and cartography. ArcMap includes a feature called "Project on the fly" where it will try to project data sets to the same spatial reference. This sounds good but creates a whole series of other issues. If all the data sets loaded into ArcMap have the correct spatial reference, everything is fine. However, if one has a missing or incorrect spatial reference, ArcMap will still display the data, just in the wrong place.

Let's take the following examples, I've taken a boundary file for Humboldt County that was in UTM Zone 10 North WGS 84. For one file, I removed the spatial reference (just delete the PRJ file) and for another I've changed the spatial reference to Geographic WGS 84. Watch what happens when we load each of these into an empty data frame (i.e. select "File -> New" before loading each one) in ArcMap. Especially note the coordinate value and units in the lower right.

Figure 1. Humboldt County properly referenced as UTM

Figure 2. Humboldt County in UTM Zone 10 North, WGS 84 but without a spatial reference. In this case, ArcMap will have popped up a dialog letting you know the data set had an "Unknown Spatial Reference" and down at the bottom you may notice that the units are "Unknown Units".

Figure 3. Humboldt County with an incorrect spatial reference. Note that the coordinate value is huge (because it is actually a UTM coordinate) and the units indicate "Decimal Degrees". Also note that I did not get an error loading this data.

This shows that it is very easy to have a missing or incorrect spatial reference and ArcMap will never recognize it - you have to!

Now, let's load all the data sets into ArcMap together at the same time. Then, click on the little earth button to zoom to see all the data sets. You may have already seen a window like this and you probably will in the near future. There is a tiny Humboldt County at the top and there is actually one that is so small it is invisible at the bottom. ArcMap is doing it's best to display all three data sets by "projecting on the fly" to put them all into the same spatial reference. When this happens, know that you have a spatial reference problem and stop and fix it! If you proceed, your results will probably be wrong and you will definitely be frustrated working with the data.

 

Fixing the Spatial References

The key to fixing all spatial reference problems is knowing when to "define", when to "project", and when to throw away the data. The flow chart below is key to being successful with this process.

To check if the spatial reference is defined:

• ArcGIS Pro:
  • Vector and Raster Data
    • In the "Properties" dialog for the layer, select the "Source" tab and look for "Spatial Reference"
• ArcMap:
  • Vector Data
    • In the "Properties" dialog for the layer, select the "Source" tab and look for "Coordinate System"
  • Raster Data
    • In the "Properties" dialog for the layer, select the "Source" tab and look for "Spatial Reference"
• BlueSpray:
  • In the "Settings" dialog for the layer, select the "Spatial Reference" tab

To "define" the spatial reference when it is undefined:

• ArcGIS Pro:
  • Analysis Tab -> Tools, search for "Define Projection"
• ArcMap:
  • Raster and Vector Data
    • In the "ArcToolbox" dialog, select "Data Management -> Projections and Transformations -> Define Projection"
• BlueSpray:
  • Right click on the Scene and select "Define SR" from the "Transforms" menu.
  • If the data set is loaded it's SR will be defined to match, otherwise, just load the data set and it will be defined to match.

To fix an incorrect spatial reference:

• ArcGIS Pro:
  • Raster and Vector Data
    • Analysis Tab -> Tools, search for "Define Projection"
    • This is the same step as above but you will receive a warning in this case.
• ArcMap:
  • Raster and Vector Data
    • In the "ArcToolbox" dialog, select "Data Management -> Projections and Transformations -> Define Projection"
    • This is the same step as above but you will receive a warning in this case.
• BlueSpray:
  • Right click on the Scene and select "Define SR" from the "Transforms" menu.
  • This is the same step as above but you will receive a warning in this case.

To project after all the spatial references are correctly defined:

• ArcGIS Pro:
  • Vector Data
    • Analysis Tab -> Tools, search for "Project"
  • Raster Data
    • Analysis Tab -> Tools, search for "Project Raster"
  ArcMap:
  • Vector Data
    • In the "ArcToolbox" dialog, select "Data Management -> Projections and Transformations -> Raster -> Project Raster"
  • Raster Data
    • In the "ArcToolbox" dialog, select "Data Management -> Projections and Transformations -> Project"
• BlueSpray:
  • Right click on the Scene with the data set loaded and select "Project..." from the "Transforms" menu.
  • Note that you will have to have a spatial reference defined for this to be available.

Note that the "Geographic Transformation" is only needed if there is a datum shift.